Food, Inc. Critical Response Essay pathos,ethos,logos free essay sample

Since you have watched Robert Kenner’s narrative, Food, Inc. , compose an unmistakable, all around created, and all around contended exposition wherein you initially sum up the film and afterward offer a basic investigation of its viability as a narrative. Your article ought to be sorted out around a unique proposition proclamation that centers around whether you locate the narrative powerful in the manner it presents and supports its focal contention. In this exposition, you will investigate how Kenner’s narrative backings its contentions about the food business and whether you thought that it was successful. Try not to expound on whether you loved or hated the film. Your article should bolster your theory proclamation by dissecting 3 distinct scenes or groupings from the film. Each piece of the body should concentrate on an alternate grouping, with one section concentrating on a component of logos (legitimate intrigue), one section on a component of feeling (passionate intrigue), and another part concentrating on a component of ethos (requests to the author’s believability or reliability). The body of your article ought to investigate how Kenner utilizes these interests and whether you discover them compelling (See St. Martin’s Guide, p. 539-43). You may likewise examine any intelligent deceptions you find in the film (See St. Martin’s Guide, p. 620-1). Notwithstanding the film’s content, your investigation ought to likewise concentrate on the visual components Kenner uses to help his thoughts, I. e. video film, pictures, diagrams and charts, the non-verbal communication of those being met, and so on. For direction with this exposition, we will depend on Ch. 8 in the St. Martin’s Guide to Writing, just as the pages from Writer’s Reference refered to in this gift. It is suggested that you begin perusing the part as quickly as time permits. Prerequisites: Your article ought to be 4-6 pages long, meeting these necessities: 1. Presentation (1/2 Page): Your presentation ought to recognize the title, kind, and executive of your essential content (I. e. the film). You ought to likewise sum up the film’s fundamental contention. The outline ought to be composed totally in your own words, and it should give your perusers a diagram of the film’s central matters without going into supporting subtleties. There ought to be no investigation in your outline. Here, you are simply advising your perusers regarding what the film is about with the goal that they will comprehend your contention about it. The rundown ought to be composed completely in your own words without any statements from the film. (See Writer’s Ref. , p. 72-73). Your synopsis should work to a unique proposition explanation in which you state whether you think the film’s contention is persuading and clarify why you accept that. Your proposition proclamation ought to be the last sentence of your presentation. a. Proposal Statement: Your postulation will be your focal thought, or significant reason, and it will be upheld by your examination of the film in the body passages. At the end of the day, your paper will be sorted out around your proposition explanation. It must be your unique thought, written in your own words, and barely engaged to fit this task. It should express the subject of your paper, I. e. your perspective on the film’s principle contention, and your critique on that theme, I. e. how the film bolsters that contention, what scenes will you center around, and so on. Your proposal is the most significant piece of your article, so it ought to be composed and overhauled with exceptional consideration. You should plan to go through at any rate 2 hours composing the postulation. (It couldn't be any more obvious, Writer’s Ref. , p. 16-18 and p. 80-82. ) 2. Body (3-5 pages): The body ought to examine 3 central matters, or the minor premises, that help your postulation proclamation. One reason should concentrate on a passionate component (feeling) of the film; another should concentrate on a sensible component (logos), and the last minor reason should concentrate on a component of ethos, or how the Kenner builds up validity or dependability with the crowd. Think about these inquiries, as you build up the body passages: a. Offers to Ethos : How does the film use advances to ethos to build up its validity as a source on the food business and to pick up the audience’s trust? Are these interests compelling? Why or why not? Talk about 1 grouping from the film that that has a solid ethos component. Depict the scene in complete detail, concentrating on how the scene’s exchange and pictures cooperate to make this intrigue. At long last, examine how the scene influenced you on a moral level. b. Requests to Pathos: How does the film advance to the audience’s feelings? What sort of enthusiastic reaction is the film attempting to summon? Are these interests viable? Why or why not? Is it accurate to say that they are reasonable, or would they say they are misleading? Talk about 1 arrangement from the film that has a solid emotion component. Portray the scene in complete detail, concentrating on how the scene’s discourse and pictures cooperate to make this intrigue. At long last, talk about how the scene influenced you on an enthusiastic level. c. Requests to Logos: How does the film utilize coherent interests to persuade the crowd of its contentions about the food business? What sorts of proof are utilized to convince the crowd on a sensible level. Are these interests powerful? Why or why not? Talk about 1 arrangement from the film that has a solid logos component. Portray the scene in complete detail, concentrating on how the scene’s discourse and pictures cooperate to make this intrigue. At last, talk about whether you found the scene convincing from a legitimate angle.

Compare & Contrat (ancient) greece &rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Think about and Contrat (antiquated) greece &rome - Essay Example There are part of likenesses and contrasts between these two antiquated human advancements. This paper quickly clarifies the similitudes and contrasts between these two extraordinary human advancements ever. Both Greek and Rome civic establishments started in urban areas. Greece was arranged close to the beach front territory while Rome was situated in the topographical center of a by and large north-south plain verged on the east with mountains and on the west by the ocean (Comparisons Between the Ancient Greeks and Romans) Both the antiquated Romans and the Greeks delighted in recreational exercises a ton. A considerable lot of the games and games at present are the alterations of the old Greek and Rome recreational exercises. For instance the current type of wrestling and boxing has started from these human advancements. Truth be told these developments can be considered as the originators of recreational exercises on the planet. Antiquated Greeks were prevailing with regards to creating Olympic Games for the recreational reason. Each city in Greece and Rome had in any event one rec center during this period. Both the human advancements were very much aware of the need of physical exercises to keep the wellbeing flawless. Additionally, the ladies network likewise had their own particular manners of amusement. Music, dramatization, move, and verse were a portion of the regular things among the ladies network for recreational purposes during this period (Ancient Greece) The Flavian Amphitheater or Colosseum Was Erected by Flavian Emperors in Rome for recreational exercises during this period. The motivation behind the Colosseum was to give amusement to general society and the Roman emperors. The games included were gladiatorial challenges, wild-mammoth chases, and reenactment of fights the Romans had battled. Collosseums were developed fit as a fiddle so as to give all the observers an away from of what was happening inside. The advanced development innovation of current football grounds can be ascribed to the

Consumer Buying Behavior of Hybrid Vehicles

Chapter by chapter guide Title2 1. 0Introduction2 1. 1Background of the Study2 1. 2Problem Statement2 1. 3Research Objectives3 1. 4Significance of the Study3 1. 5Scope of the Study4 2. 0Literature Review5 3. 0Research Methodology7 3. 1Theoretical Framework7 3. 2Generation of Hypothesis7 4. 0Conclusion8 Reference:9 Title Factors that influence buyer buy choice of mixture vehicles (Green Vehicles) in Malaysia. Presentation 1 Background of the Study With the air contamination level rising step by step brought about by the emanation from customary vehicles, numerous administration bodies have invested exertion to implement discharge control strategy since the late of 1960, and it is getting severe with the EURO panel being the pioneer until today, where their outflow arrangement and reviewing framework being acknowledged or referenced worldwide even in Malaysia. The evaluating framework based of discharge tidiness starting today is from Euro 1 to Euro 6, where Euro 1 being the most noticeably terrible emanation standard and Euro 6 being the natural amicable. This is where most present day vehicles are fitted with exhaust system since late 1975, a basic gadget that can diminish the hurtful outflow, for example, un-consume hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by changing over them into cleaner substances, for example, oxygen and hydrogen through concoction impetus impact inside (Tony and Andrew, 2006). The impact of this is the ascent of the consciousness of eco-friendliness, the same number of will additionally relate that on the off chance that eco-friendliness can be expanded, at that point the emanation can be additionally improved, just as to lessen wastage. Many car creators has from that point forward started advancement of eco-friendly motor so as to hold fast, and therefore lead to the pattern of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). 2 Problem Statement However, emanation is just a single ecological factor as there is other factor which disturbs a driver money related viewpoint, the fuel and its costs. Regardless of the fuel is costly and modest, in the event that one can travel further with a given set measure of fuel, at that point one can unquestionably spare him/her some cash (Tony and Andrew, 2006). What's more, back to the natural region, petroleum derivative is non-sustainable power source assets and exhaustion is surely inescapable. This is the reason lately, numerous western car creators began to investigate building eco-friendly vehicles, by building eco-friendly motors through different ways, most prominently by scaling down the motor removal and remunerate it with power acceptance, for example, low weight turbocharger. The impact of this usage is that utilizing a littler limit motor however can accomplish the force conveyance of a high limit motor, yet with lower fuel utilization. Anyway back in the eastern car industry, where the Japanese being the pioneer they had something different at the top of the priority list, they needed eco-friendliness as well as simultaneously they wished to augment the practice environmental awareness idea. From this time forward they concoct the possibility of cross breed vehicle, where when all is said in done terms a vehicle is controlled by 2 wellsprings of info, which is a typical inside burning motor, upheld by an extra electric engine which requires uncommon battery pack. The benefits of this execution is that the fuel utilization and emanation is better over the formal, while the disadvantage is the support and cost of substitution for defective battery pack is pricey. With the cross breed being the hot pattern presently given the promising marketing projections from European nations and the USA, for the most part the upkeep factor isn't an issue for them, anyway in this examination we have to discover the variables cap impact a purchaser into considering, purchasing a half breed vehicle here in Malaysia, as the mixture pattern is still extremely new here in Malaysia, for the most part beginning the time of 2006 where Honda presents Civic Hybrid. Anyway with the ongoing expense exclusion on half and half vehicles from the Malaysia government, the pattern is by all accounts changing emphatically and now we have a few models from Honda and Toyota to offer in light of the arrangement. 3 Research Objectives a) What are the components that impact buyer in to thinking about a mixture vehicle? b) What are the components that help customer into purchasing a half breed vehicle? ) What are the elements that customer stresses over when buying a half breed vehicle? 4 Significance of the Study This investigation into the components that influence the purchasing choice of cross breed vehicles in Malaysia could extend the pattern and acknowledgment of crossover vehicles here in Malaysia. With that data, neighborhood car producers can consider into building up our own mixture vehicles to offer the nearby markets a more extensive decision, just as to remain serious in the market. Moreover, this will be a decent impetus to start off â€Å"Go Green† idea into consumers’ mind that is useful to the rebuilding and diligence of the earth. Extent of the Study In this examination, we will initially investigate and presentation into both the low weight power acceptance innovation and the half and half innovation further at that point look i nto the advantages and disadvantages in detail. With both idea comprehended, we will start to concentrate on the pattern of mixture vehicles here in Malaysia, discovering the elements that help or dissuade the acknowledgment of half breed vehicle through poll focused on crossover proprietors and potential cross breed proprietors, from that point we can recognize what are the primary factors and worry of purchaser after creation a choice for a mixture vehicle, and afterward onclude what should be possible to additionally build the acknowledgment level of half and half vehicles. Writing Review According to Markel and Simpson (2006), the usage of cross breed electric vehicles can adequately lessen oil utilization up to 30% when contrasted with regular vehicle, anyway a completely module half and half electric vehicle will be experience advancement to additionally improve the investment funds and diminish the wastage, as flow crossover electric vehicles utilizes electric engine fueled b y battery pack to help the motor, which is exorbitant when one needs to supplant, and it didn't give a lot of wanted force. The maker can obviously place in a greater battery pack to punch out better force and solidness, yet with each 15% of progress the expense is about multiplied. This issue is likewise referenced before path back in year 2001, where the advancement of mixture vehicles started with the point in furnishing a prevalent eco-friendliness vehicles with negligible wastage and toxins transmitted, in preceding location two significant issues (Allella et al, 2001): a) Consumption of fuel : World oil stores and buildups are far-fetched ready to continue against the consistently developing need of utilization b) Pollution : Generally alluded to the unsafe outflow that can harm the natural wellbeing The most well-known half and half vehicle configuration is found inside the renowned Japanese car creators, individually the Honda and the Toyota. The thought is to fit an electric engine controlled by a battery pack that will energize itself utilizing the lost vitality during the slowing down methodology, to help a littler limit customary motor in speeding up. With the engine partner, the motor need not work and fire up that difficult to get the vehicle going subsequently fuel utilization can be brought down. At the point when certain conditions are met, the vehicles may likewise run exclusively on the electric engine itself most presumably during low speed cruising. Setting the vehicle structure aside, as expressed by Kuo and Wang (2011), the disciplinary in driving, just as the atmosphere is main consideration in decreasing fuel utilization. Kuo and Wang called attention to that in nations that have tropical atmosphere, for example, those close to the equator, will in general have higher fuel utilization file contrasted with different nations with 4 seasons atmosphere, this is mostly because of the way that fuel consumes better and increasingly effective when the air temperature is colder, as colder air is progressively thick and from this time forward conveys more oxygen atoms. Other than that, since the temperature is commonly high during the time for tropical atmosphere nations, drivers will in general switch broadcasting live conditioner (A/C) more often than not to withstand the sweltering climate, and A/C draws power from the motor to control up the blower and cooling curl, accordingly it brings about loss of intensity from motor and prompts higher fuel utilization. On the disciplinary side, going underneath or route over the ideal speed of a vehicle, as a rule around 90KM/H to 110KM/H will influence the fuel utilization, where most drivers will in general speed whenever the odds emerge. One ought to likewise attempt to design their voyaging course ahead, so as to dodge pointless traffic blockage which can bring about poor fuel utilization, as start-quit driving demonstrated to have 60% expanded fuel utilization contrasted with smooth relentless driving. This is commonly experienced by most drivers that they can accomplish better mileage on the off chance that they travel on the expressway regularly. Research Methodology 1 Theoretical Framework [pic] 2 Generation of Hypothesis Assume that ) H0 = Null Hypothesis (No connection between IV and DV) b) H1 = Alternative Hypothesis (Significant connection between IV and DV) |H1 |H0 †There is no connection among support and buy choice of half breed vehicles. | |H1 †There is critical connection among support and buy choice of crossover vehicles. | |H2 |H0 †There is no connection between fuel utilization and buy choice of half and half vehicles. | |H1 †There is noteworthy connection between fuel utilization and buy choice of half breed vehicles. | |H3 |H0 †There is no connection between charge exception and buy choice of half and half vehicles. | |H1 †There is critical connection between charge exception and buy choice of cross breed vehicles. | |H4 |H0 †There is no connection between close to home view and buy choice of cross breed vehicles. | |H1 †There is huge connection between close to home view and buy choice of half and half vehicles. End In

paula essays

paula articles Paula by Isabel Allende; 330 pp.; Cost: $14.00 When Isabel Allende's little girl, Paula fell gravely sick, Allende started to fill her composing tablet with a story for Paula. Allende composed so when Paula woke up she won't be lost and will realize what occurred while she was in her extreme lethargies. This is Allende's first true to life novel. The book mentions to you what's going on during Paula's disease alongside Allende's personal history and journals. She addresses Paula revealing to her the narrative of odd precursors, her own privileged insights, and stories from her childhood. She likewise discloses to Paula what is happening while she is in her trance like state. Allende says what occurred during the homicide of her uncle, the Chilean President Salvador Allende, the military overthrow and her outcast, her connections and the destruction of her first union with Paula's dad, why she kept in touch with her first novel, to her current life in California. Allende turns this overwhelming experience to an upbeat one with her utilization of words making it a wonderful story. Paula not quite the same as Allende's different works since it is true to life; anyway it is known to be her best one alongside House of the Spirits. I preferred this book a great deal and would prescribe it to anybody. On the off chance that you haven't read any of Allende's books and aren't acquainted with her I don't figure you would appreciate it so much. This book ought to be perused subsequent to perusing in any event one of Allende's books so there could be a prologue to becoming more acquainted with this writer. As I would see it, Isabel Allende has carried on with a fascinating life and you would locate that out in the wake of perusing this book. ... <!

Ethical and legal debate and implications of stem cell research Essay

Moral and lawful discussion and ramifications of undeveloped cell investigate - Essay Example sure that different arrangements as far as information, abilities, and familiarity with long standing infections will be found, as research done by Sandel (2004) uncovers. Objectives of undeveloped cell examine are exceptionally worthy in the biomedical field since it is productive and practical utilizing logical based information to upgrade the clinical field. The International Society for Stem cell Research (ISSCR) acknowledges and societies thoughts and recommendations from undeveloped cell researchers trying to advance logical research, information improvement, and further training in this wide field. Other than empowering utilization of exact and exact utilization of undeveloped cell investigate phrasings, the ISSCR effectively participates in teaching analysts and everyone in proper use of terms and implications to abstain from clashing utilization of specific terms (Sugarman 2008). It additionally assesses the significance of leading immature microorganism investigate for a particular explanation in the clinical field. With an end goal to smooth out, the hopeful practice there must be a few moral and legitimate contemplations in any case the entire practice can be unfavorable and belittling to human life and rights (Doerflinger 2010). Morals stays in association with logical and restorative significance just as uprightness while laws are worried about patient’s availability to the administrations and security; it is a greater amount of legislative duty to institute laws. Undifferentiated organism examine has constrained practice in many nations on the planet with a couple of exemptions that fulfill the prerequisites and guidelines of undertaking the examination. In United Kingdom for example, foundational microorganism examine is vital and the work on overseeing is through different enactments and moral contemplations. It has an intricate and well-form administrative plan for undeveloped cell explore (Daley et al. 2007). A few reasons legitimize immature microorganism inquire about in the UK, the Human Fertilization, and Embryology Act shaped in 1990 and the as of late framed Human Fertilization and Embryology

SIPA Veterans Association COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Veterans Association COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Active duty military and veterans from around the world are important contributors to the ongoing debates that form the foundation of the SIPA learning experience.     From discussing the most effective relationship between humanitarian organizations and military units in a war zone to discussing best practices in serving populations during natural disasters, SIPA benefits greatly from the contributions of students, faculty and visiting speakers with military experience. SIPA thrives on the diversity of perspectives in its classrooms and counts among its student body military students from nations around the world. Late last month the SIPA Veterans Association hosted the following event: Lieutenant General “Pete” Osman, USMC(RET): Reflections on US Military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan, and a welcome to the Columbia SIPA Veterans Association Lieutenant General H.P “Pete” Osman General Osman will share his thoughts on current events in Iraq and Afghanistan, veterans in the classroom, the New GI Bill, and the future of the US military.   General Osman served on active duty in the US Marine Corps for 37 years.   During his service he fulfilled a variety of duties including commanding officer of 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines, Commanding Officer for Officers Candidate School, and Commanding General of the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Force.   General Osman also served as Deputy Commandant of the Marine Corps for manpower and reserve affairs.   He is veteran of both the Vietnam and Iraq wars. Columbia SIPA Veterans Association Please join Lieutenant General “Pete” Osman as he welcomes the Columbia SIPA Veterans Association (CSVA) to campus.   The CSVA will endeavor to assist transitioning SIPA veterans assimilate to student life, provide venues for the discussion of relevant military and veteran issues, and help SIPA Veteran Alumni stay connected with current SIPA students. Monday, November 23, 2009 7:00pm â€" 9:00pm Room 1512, 15th Floor School of International and Public Affairs 420 West 118th Street, New York City In Memory of Major Mike Weston, USMCR

Accounting and business ethics - 1650 Words

Accounting and business ethics (Essay Sample) Content: AccountingName Institution One of the most talked about topics in current management is business ethics and its role in corporate social responsibility. Business ethics is a high profile issue in management because of the increasing corporate scandals that continue to hit organizations (Economist, 2002). These corporate scandals have led to extensive destruction of economies and even society. This is why ethics is majorly focused on particularly in accounting. This is why accountants have come up with bodies meant to protect these ethical standards. Ethical standards in accounting were not introduced until 1929 (Ketz, 2006). Before the introduction of these standards, there were no any official accounting standards. Before this time, accountants were not allowed to disclose any information concerning their businesses to any external users. Thus, it must be acknowledged that the introduction of these accounting have helped a lot in improving accounting ethics globally. However, this does not mean that the introduction of these accounting standards have totally eliminated unethical behaviors in accounting (Seabury, 2002). As recent as 2012, Yahoo CEO Scott Thompson was relieved of his duties less than six months in charge after being found guilty of claiming he had both a degree in accounting and computer science. It was later found that he only had a degree in accounting. Despite the minor challenges still faced, it is still clear to see how most of the accounting standards developed since 1929 have revolutionized ethical behaviors in that subject. The current business environment is still a matter of success versus struggle. Some businesses duly obey the laws while others continue to falter in their daily operations. It is only hoped there will come a time when all businesses will follow ethical standards to the letter. In recent years, a lot of companies have been faced by ethical breaches in matters relating to accounting (Sridharan, Dickes, Caines, 2002). Scott Thompsons scandal of 2012 was not highly publicized because the situation in this case did not involve accounting issues. He only lied about having a computer science degree, which is still a breach of accounting ethics, but still does not rate against highly publicized accounting breaches. One of the most scandalous and extensively recognized accounting ethics breaches of all time is the fall of Enron in 2001 (Sridharan, Dickes, Caines, 2002). It is considered a major scandal because it did not only make the company bankrupt, but also led to the downfall of one of the biggest audit companies in the world, Arthur Andersen. Enron grew within a space of 15 years to be ranked as the seventh largest company in the United States. However, its fall began in 2001 when the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) reported that it was looking into Enrons accounting practices. This is after the commission had doubts over some of the shareholders and analysts belonging to th e firm. The investigation that followed revealed some of the write-downs by the firm that reduced the firms credit rating and investor confidence (Seabury, 2002). The inevitable happened as the company declared bankrupt in December 2001. After these events, the SEC reported it would be pursuing charges against high ranking officials in the company including its former CEO Jeffrey Skilling, Kenneth L. Lay, and CFO Andrew Fastow among other high-ranking employees. These employees were charged with manipulating accounting standards knowingly leading to great losses to the company. Skilling and Lay were the most controversial figures during this process as they were tried collectively on 46 counts on issues such as bank fraud, money laundering, conspiracy, and insider trading. The former CEO was later found guilty on 19 counts and condemned to more than 24 years in jail (Economist, 2002). On the other hand, Lay was convicted on 6 counts of fraud and faced about 45 years in prison. Howev er, Lay died in 2006, about three months before his hearing. After the Enron scandal, the Congress decided to pass the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in order to improve accountability in corporations. The company officials were found guilty of disregarding a number of accounting principles. The company was found guilty of money laundering and bank fraud. The officials were also accused of conspiracy among other accounting deceptions. The Enron scandal was not hard to determine because of the number of issues in accounting ethics that were violated along the way (Ketz, 2006). It was easier to detect because bank fraud and money laundering were some of the ethical values violated. But since the conspirators well organized their plan, it took a lot of time to find their plan. The scandal became publicized when the press started following close communications between Mr. Lay and other senior officials in Enron. Capitol Hill also begun talking of the close association Kenneth Lay, the Chairman of Enron had with the then President George W. Bush and other Republican officials. It was believed that most of the money being laundered was being collected for campaigns (Economist, 2002). It was also revealed that Mr. Lay and other senior officials were making a lot of money from the shares belonging to the firm, while other junior workers pension funds were largely invested in the company stock for a long period of time. This was a ploy to prevent these employees from selling their shares in time. Management failed to create an ethical environment because it was involved in the money laundering. They did not want to do anything that could lead to public suspicion. There is one issue that attracted more attention of the ethical violations that were happening in Enron (Seabury, 2002). For instance, what governs the pubic capital markets and most importantly the role of auditors? This is real reason why Arthur Andersen collapsed with the fall of Enron. The Enron conduct was detected because it had political links. Both the former CEO and the current one had political connections with the Republican Party. This was one of the paths that led the SEC from catching the culprits. The fall of Enron led to both social and economic impacts in the United States. One of the major collapses was the liquidation of the whole firm. Before 2000, Enron was famously referred to as the darling of Wall Street. However, its collapse led to lose of jobs, affected many pension funds, and dumped the Wall Street into misery. Many people still fail to understand how a company as big as Enron could collapse in an overnight without the fraudsters being caught earlier in the process (Seabury, 2002). This was all due to the work of CFO Andrew Fastow who was promoted in 1998. He came up with a way of fooling people that the company was in great shape when indeed money was being laundered. This scheme was known as special purpose entities (SPE). This scheme allowed the firm to hide assets that were performing badly, thus, keeping them off the companys books. However, this conspiracy could not go on for a long time and by April 2001, the transparency of Enrons earnings came into question (Sridharan, Dickes, Caines, 2002). Few months later the company was in a free fall. High ranked officials left their posts led by CEO Ken Lay. In October 2001, the company reported its first quarterly loss. The effect of this was closing its SPE in order to avoid distribu...

Women and Advertisements Essay - 2564 Words

Women and Advertisements The average American is exposed to hundreds of advertisements per day. Advertisements targeted toward females have an enormous effect on womens thoughts, attitudes, perceptions, and actions. Most of the time, women dont even realize these advertisements are formulating self-image issues. These ideals surround them daily and they become naturalized to the ads. Advertising creates an entire worldview persuading women to emulate the images they see all around them. In order to create a market for their products, companies constantly prey upon womens self esteem, to feel like they arent good enough just the way they are. This makes women constantly feel stressed out about their appearance (Moore). Advertising†¦show more content†¦The ideal weight portrayed in advertisements keeps decreasing, which is making dieting more popular. Fad diets area everywhere trying to give us â€Å"loose weight quick† plans. According to a study done by the Body Image Project in 2000, roughly 80 percent of 10 year olds have already tried dieting (â€Å"What†). Dieting advertisements even depict overweight women as miserable. They are slightly overweight with stringy hair and a frown on their face. Women relate to this image and become unhappy with themselves like the women in the picture. The people in the after photos always look so glamorous! They are slimmer, happier, have a smile on their face, and total makeovers. Even the advertisements for weight loss products are fake and exaggerated, but women see these images and want to be like them. These diets are too strict and not long term, thus, creating a recurring cycle of disappointment and failure. There are diet pills, cellulite creams, metabolism boosters, and even products that claim to put â€Å"exercise in a bottle† at every end cap of major discount stores (â€Å"Every†). All these products encourage women to want to look better. Companies need to advertise a healthy lifestyle rather than telling people they should do whatever it takes to look like the images seen on TV. Women have a sense of pride when they loose a few pounds or have a good hair day. That feeling is rapidly taken away when they compare themselves to these manufactured images. Poor self-esteem ensues.Show MoreRelatedAdvertisement Advertisements For Women s Advertising921 Words   |  4 Pagessearch of customers for the companies’ products. As a result, the necessity of target-advertising can’t be underestimated. After all, women had no reason to purchase a $50000 necklace until Pandora proposed the tagline, ‘your jewelry isn’t just jewelry,’ in its latest advertisement in Cosmopolitan Magazine (Pandora. Cosmopolitan). In that regard, modern advertisements paint a stereotypical image of an ‘ideal’ woman as the classy being, appareled in artificial, perhaps fake, beauty. 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In consideration to the evolution of man kind gender roles have evolved immensely throughout time, although advertisements have not kept up with this process of evolution. Companies to this day use their tactics and skills to reach out to specific genders such as pretty fonts with a stylish message, whileRead MoreEffects Of Advertisements On Women s Body784 Words   |  4 PagesOff With Her Head If advertisements are going to cut off women’s heads or faces, then they should also cut off a man’s face and head. If advertisements are selling the same product then both men and women need to be treated equally, when it comes to being paid. Have you ever looked at an ad and thought wow that man has a sexy body. Men have you ever looked at an ad and thought wow that women has a sexy body. Well, you’re not the only one. However, have you ever noticed that one add, where youRead MoreHydroxycut Advertisements and Their Effects on Young Women2144 Words   |  9 PagesInstructor Reyes English 102 29 April 2012 Hydroxycut Advertisements and Their Effects on Young Women Iovative Health Sciences, Inc. is the owner of the diet supplement brand Hydroxycut. The company advertises through numerous media channels to reach its countless viewers. The Hydroxycut advertisements are most commonly visual images like commercials, billboards, and print ads that carry a voice all their own. With teen girls and young women being the majority of Hydroxycut’s audience it is onlyRead MoreAdvertisements And Geared Towards Young Women1776 Words   |  8 PagesHow is abortion portrayed in advertisements and geared towards young women Throughout society, people are torn over the issue of abortion, whether you are pro-choice or pro-life. There are people who want abortion to become illegal, putting an end to the decision started so long ago under Roe vs. Wade. It is through advertisements that women are targeted rather than just educated about the facts and the topic at hand. Advertisements can sway opinions because they prey on societies emotionsRead MoreGendered Advertisements On Women s Advertising1873 Words   |  8 PagesGendered Advertisements Advertisements in todays media portray an unrealistic view of what it means to be a man or a woman. It is a very narrow, dichotomous structure that only few individuals can fit. We are exposed to these ads, in various forms, hundreds of times throughout the day. There is no in between. Magazines geared towards men and women’s interests are completely saturated with these advertisements. Magazine advertisements impose an unrealistic portrayal of how to â€Å"do gender† and they

A Companys Business Model - 1508 Words

A company’s business model is a key factor in affecting a stock’s price especially in a recession. For example, companies that rely on consumer spending are at the mercy of their customer’s budget, which is often reduced in a recession; this translates into less on the bottom line, and therefore affects the business’s stock price. Industries such as the travel industry are heavily affected by economic downturn because consumers can relatively control how much they must travel and how much they go on vacation, and so on and so forth. In a slump, an average family of four may forgo going on vacation to the beach, but still have to buy shampoo to wash their hair. Essential products, sold by corporations, such as toilet paper, toothpaste, laundry detergent, or shampoo are not as affected by recessions because these products are always needed despite the economic climate. A company’s management team is also a big factor which can affect a company’ s bottom line as well as it’s market valuation. A great management team can turn an unprofitable business model into a profitable one, but conversely, a bad management team can convert a profitable business into an unprofitable one—this is why Warren Buffet is an admirer of company’s that are so easy to run that an idiot can run them because sooner or later one will. A quote by Buffett illustrates the importance of great employees and or management. â€Å"Somebody once said that in looking for people to hire, you look for threeShow MoreRelatedGoogle s Internal And External Organisational Skills1625 Words   |  7 Pageseffectively make changes towards the company’s internal and external organisational skills, resources and functional competences moreover, reviewing the company’s strengths, as a result of adapting to the new change(Newth, F 2012), that is, the re positioning of Google’s online shopping paid model. This is a crucial change t o develop, as vice president of product management for Google shopping, Sameer Samat, explained that by repositioning to an all-paid model will increase further trustworthy data(SullivanRead MoreHow Competitive Advantage And How Does It Manage A Company s Business Model?1035 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantage, and how does it relate to a company’s business model? Competitive advantage is that a company has better ability in earning profit and profit growth compared to its competitors for the same group of customers in one industry. Management level uses the business model to establish the strategies for the company’s operation and thus create competitive advantage over the company’s rivals and make more profit. 2. Describe the strategic planning model, and who is involved in the strategy-makingRead MoreDeveloping an e-Business Strategy Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesAt the core of the development of an e-business strategy for any particular organization lays several issues that need to be spotted on by any person who intends to successfully develop either a B2C e-business model or a B2B e-business model. Due to the rapid development of technology and globalization in the 21st century, e-business has suddenly become an important means of conducting business transactions given the big difference in both businesses and consumers’ way of living prior and duringRead MoreHow And Who Makes Strategy At The Corporate Level1631 Words   |  7 PagesQuestions on Chapter 9 1. How and who makes strategy at the corporate level? How companies with multi business Model formulate their strategies and what they target in their strategies. Corporate level includes chief executive officer (CEO) board of directors, corporate staff whose responsibility to supervise the strategic development and to make sure that business strategies are followed correctly with maximizing profitability and sustain competitive advantage. Strategic managers decide in whichRead MorePorters Five Forces1232 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity 04 October 2012 Abstract Michael Porter’s Five Forces model is a very sophisticated theory for calculating a company s economical standing. Michael Porter established a structure that shapes a structure that monitors an industry and is often used in strategic planning. Porter s detailed five forces model is one of the most frequently used business strategy tools and additional ease and effectiveness to havemany situations within in America and withinRead MoreThe Company’S Board Of Directors Plays A Determinative1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe company’s Board of Directors plays a determinative role is assessing the company’s internal and external risks. The effective risk management is an integrated part of the company’s successful business performance. The Board is ought to identify, measure, and manage the potential risks and hazards. The Board ought to evaluate the efficiency of the company’s internal controls’ management, its strengths, and weaknesses. The Board of Directors decides on the scope of the actions necessary to maximizeRead MoreAir Canada Aligned Business Strategy With Information Technology1191 Words   |  5 PagesAir Canada Aligned Business Strategy with Information Technology In 2014, Air Canada achieved its best full year financial performance in the Corporation s 77-year history, said Calin Rovinescu, President and Chief Executive Officer. (Air Canada Website CIO 2015) Adjusted net income was $531 million, representing an increase of 56.2 per cent year-over-year.† The purpose of this paper is to examine how Air Canada in 2011 successfully aligned their business strategy and Information TechnologyRead MoreIntegrated Reporting And Its Impact On International Recognition1213 Words   |  5 PagesDrivers of and Problems with Traditional Model Over the past half of a century, companies have been exposing an increasing quantity of information to meet the needs of stakeholders. Particularly, they have presented complementary information to providers and potential investors who greatly concern and predict the trend from financial statement. According the research from ACCA1 concluded that investors say: â€Å"A link is missing between current reporting, business strategy and risk, and we do not believeRead MoreCustomer Value Proposition : Mcdonald s Owner Value1094 Words   |  5 Pagesby tracking Internet usage data, and the company ensures that customers are receiving the most value possible through this free service. 2. Owner Value Proposition – McDonald’s owner value proposition hinges on its sales. With the franchise business model, the company as a whole is able to take a percentage of total net sales that each of its franchise stores receives, and also make profits from franchises in which the company is a majority owner. The company as a whole faces many costs, suchRead MoreDecision Based Modeling : Case Study876 Words   |  4 PagesDecision Based Modeling The purpose of this paper is to review a business case presented by a laboratory services company and make recommendations on how best to incorporate required changes and the impact it will have on current and future operations. Prior to making any recommendation, a review of the company’s existing business operations is required. This assessment will afford the decision maker various tools in which informed decisions can be made. More times than not, multiple options

The American Of The Vietnam War Essay - 1872 Words

Many contemporary American artists address an extensive variety of themes significant to their adopted country while some focus on issues relevant to their country of origin like the subject of war . War has been considered as a major theme, and it’s reality is a great inspiration in writing and has created endless creativity for artists. In particular, the Vietnamese-American artist Dinh Q. Là ª often chooses the subject of the Vietnam war to express his thoughts, concerns, and the message of peace in his artworks. Dinh Le and his family had lived through the Vietnam war (1975) and then he immigrated to Los Angeles at age 10 in order to avoid the fight between Vietnamese troops and Cambodian Khmer Rouge, and then started pursuing art in the U.S. Although he was far away from his country, his art seemed like he could not escape from Vietnam’s long-lasting conflict. Therefore, he decided to study photography, then got a Master s degree at the School of Visual Arts(New Y ork), but he still sometimes had a feeling of living in exile in a sense of ambiguousness. He calmed himself down by participating in some meetings with American veterans; however, he was not satisfied with the single voice from one side which was based on their memories from the Vietnam war, and not hearing any voices from the Vietnam side of the conflict. As a result, he decided to research the history of the war to get a deeper understanding of his country’s struggles. And the Vietnam( American) warShow MoreRelatedThe American War in Vietnam1012 Words   |  5 Pagessimilar to the theory of what the U.S. believed would happen if one country, Vietnam, was to fall to communism. This is what caused the war between North Vietnam the communist lead government and the anti-communist South (Encyclopedia Britannica1). How does a war relate to a game enjoyed by millions of people all over the world? Just like in a game of dominos, you set them up and watch them fall, the Vietnam War was the same. Vietnam and the countries surrounding it had worked very hard for independenceRead MoreAmerican War And The Vietnam War Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesSecond World War and the Vietnam War, national unity in the United States and American patriotism began to disintegrate and morph as the nation progressed from the 1940s through the 1970s. During WWII, the United States military fought a foe that the American public, and the world alike, saw as an enemy to the human race, which caused Americans to unify in their efforts to fight in the battle. In contrast, US military actions in Vietnam were not fully backed by the American public or American allies,Read MoreThe American Of The Vietnam War1208 Words   |  5 PagesWhen Penn first sat down with me to tell me his story, he asked if anyone in my family had ever served in a war. I responded by telling him my father was a marine before I was born. â€Å"No, your father is a marine. Once you’re a marine, you†™re always a marine,† Penn corrected. Gentle in his demeanor and free with his sense of humor, Penn went on to tell me his story as a veteran of the Vietnam War. Penn graduated from the University of St. Thomas with a degree in business in 1967. He initially tookRead MoreThe American War : The Vietnam War1379 Words   |  6 PagesConsider the Vietnam War, The Cold War, or even the Spanish-American War: it’s safe to assume that the mere mention of these wars evoke some feeling of recognition, whether it resurfaces a rather passionate opinion or an unwelcome flashback to U.S history class. The Philippine-American War illicites a much tamer response, unless, of course, you’re asking a Filipino or a history buff. In fact, the Philippine-American War is often times referred to as ‘The Forgotten War’ for that very reason. DespiteRead MoreVietnam War and American Culture1684 Words   |  7 Pages Vietnam Wars Impact on American Culture Donna Whittle DeVry University Introduction to Humanities I. Introduction and Thesis Statement In the 1960’s America went through many cultural changes. Martin Luther King Jr., a civil rights activist, delivered his famous, â€Å"I have a dream† speech. African Americans were fighting for peace, freedom and equality. The United States was involved in the Vietnam War, committed to anti-communism. African Americans were deployedRead MoreThe Vietnam War On American Society932 Words   |  4 Pagesaccentuating the growing success and power that Vietnam held. America was calm at first as they held the belief that Vietnam would serve as a barrier to communism. Unfortunately, when communism kept spreading, America panicked. American troops were sent into Vietnam and the citizens of America were lied to about the reason for the presence of the troops in Vietnam. The years 1964 to 1975 were characterized by the negative effects of the Vietnam war on American society and how they heightened social, politicalRead MoreThe American Civil War And The Vietnam War1561 Words   |  7 Pagesnever, never believe any war will be smooth and easy, or that anyone who embarks on the strange voyage can measure the tides and hurricanes he will encounter. The statesman who yields to war fever must realize that once the signal is given, he is no longer the master of policy but the slave of unforeseeable and uncontrollable events.† - Sir Winston Churchill. Throughout history, men have fought battles to protect and serve for their country. Some men become injured at war and others don t get toRead MoreAmerican History: The Vietnam War1670 Words   |  7 Pagesof the American Independent Party. The candidates did not know it at the time, but they would become part of the Presidential Election that would help shape American Politics to what they are today. The election of Richard Nixon in 1968 marked a turning point in the American political ideology, ultimately sparking a conservative revolution that would last the better part of the next 24 years. 1968 was one of the most chaotic and violent years in American history. The Vietnam War was beingRead MoreAmerican Involvement in the Vietnam War1078 Words   |  5 Pagesinternational affairs. In this particular case communism in Vietnam was the flame that leered American bugs in, not knowing that they would be brutally burned by communism in the end. From 1953 to 1961, all the initial decisions involving Vietnam were made by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who once served as the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe as well as the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Thus, Eisenhower was very knowledgeable about war issues and was prepared to tackle pending conflictsRead MoreAmerican Culture : The Vietnam War2157 Words   |  9 Pages1102 February 22, 2015 The Vietnam War On February 28th 1991 after the speedy 100-hour ground war against Iraqi troops, George W Bush proclaimed proudly: â€Å"By God, we’ve kicked the Vietnam Syndrome once and for all† The fall of Saigon had not marked the end of the Vietnam as Bush accurately conceded to the people, the repercussions of the war can still be seen today in American culture, it has sustained through the Vietnam veterans, as the basis for the support of anti-war precedencies, and morphed

U.s. Congress Declared War Against Mexico Essay - 1681 Words

May Thirteenth, Eighteen-Forty Six, The U.S. Congress declared war against Mexico. The U.S. congress, pushed by president James K. Polk, declared war in light of many differences of political standings with a few hot button topics. The main points of issue where the two countries opposing views on slavery, the annexation of Texas and California , as well as the idea of the Manifest Destiny. The standings Mexico and the United States had on these problems directed the countries for war. The United States had numerous advantages in comparison to the Mexico ; government, troops, supply, strategy, and leadership. Mexico had been dealing with mass points of corruption within their military leaders, as well as their own political leaders. These matters lead to the downfall of Mexican rule in Texas. The Aftermath of the war, resulted in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, newly inherited property, future economic inflation for the united states, the expansion westward, and brought issues to li ght that eventually sparked the Mexican- American war of eighteen-forty six and ended with the tragedy of the US civil war. However, previous to the Mexican-American war these debatable topics provoke the thought of war. By Eighteen-forty Six, the debates on these topics caused tensions to amplify until finally on May thirteenth, war was officially declared against Mexico from the united states. Even with the declaration of war against Mexico, Mexico itself never declared war against theShow MoreRelatedMexican American War : The United States784 Words   |  4 Pages Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War is one of the deadliest wars in U.S. History. This war was a Battle driven by Manifest Destiny for the Americans to acquire the territory of Texas that they felt belonged to them. But Mexico refused to give up the territory to the United States. The war consisted of several issues between the United States and Mexico that couldn’t be negotiated or resolved without the use of force. After a border incident between Mexican and American troops. PresidentRead MoreThe United States and World War I Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation When the First World War erupted in Europe on July 28, 1914; President Woodrow Wilson formally proclaimed that the United States would remain neutral on August 4, 1914. However, the United States did not stick to this proclamation, and eventually became involved in the war efforts. This investigation aims to evaluate the reasons the United States violated their neutrality in order to join the war. In inquiring into the reasons of the United States’ entry into the war, the Zimmermann telegramRead MoreWorld War I Was A Neutral Nation1508 Words   |  7 Pages World War 1 When World War 1 started, the U.S. was a neutral nation. There was more than one reason why the U.S.joined the war. The Lusitania s sinking was the one of the biggest influences on the American decision to enter the war. German submarine warfare sunk many ships (including the Lusitania) over several years. There were a lot of people who were against joining the war but public opinion was turned towards joining the war mostly because of Germany’s military acts, so the U.S. joinedRead MoreThe Annexation of Texas Essay580 Words   |  3 PagesThe Mexican War of 1846-1848 was one of major importance to U.S. history, but has since fallen into annals of obscurity. It was the nation’s first war fought on foreign soil: a war that advocated the concept of â€Å"manifest destiny†, the United States God-given right to claim territory for the establishment of a free democratic society (Stevenson 2009). Even though many historians claim the war was forced on Mexico by slav eholders greedy for new territory, President John Polk viewed the war as an opportunityRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War1121 Words   |  5 PagesMexican-American War was a gruesome and bloody battle involving the two major powers between the Americans and the Mexicans. The first major power was the annexation of Texas and the second power is the protection along with the acquisition of the territory. States provinces such as California, Texas and New Mexico is inherited by Mexico from Spain. Mexico government was weakened and practically bankrupt after the war and was unable to take control of their territories. Before the war started, thereRead MoreThe United States During World War I1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States during World War I extended their â€Å"military, economic, and/or political control† to other weaker countries like, Hawaii, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico. They were following the policy of Imperialism.1 Imperialism allows for nations to be able to trade with one another and businesses preferred it because it helped the United States economy. Nationalism is when the people of a nation are under one government and this played a key factor in starting world war one. There was tension betweenRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Manifest Destiny By John Louis O Sullivan1686 Words   |  7 Pagesto the United States. As a result, the idea of westward expansion led to the events, such as the victory of James K. Polk in the United States’ presidential campaign in 1844, the United States’ treaty with Britain over Oregon, the Mexican American War, and the revival of the issue of slavery in the United States. Throughout the United States’ presidential election of 1844, many Americans strongly believed that God had manifestly destined the United States for expansion to spread their democraticRead MoreThe American Of The Mexican American War Essay730 Words   |  3 Pages 1 Thomas Gordon The Mexican-American War 28 January 2015 US History University of Phoenix In 1846-1848 was the first time the U.S would fight a war on foreign soil, it was called the Mexican-American war. At this time Mexico was just starting to develop into a government and was extremely confused and leadership was split between decisions. While the U.S government was head over heels about pushing the country’s borders farther and farther across North America with onlyRead MoreThe Election Of 1844 Pitted James Polk1394 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1844 pitted James Polk, a Democrat expansionist, against Whig leader Henry Clay. One of Polk’s slogan was called, 54 °40 or Flight, which supported pushing foreign troops past that latitude and out of the Oregon Territory. Fundamentally, that was jointly administered by the United States and British in Canada. Polk’s supporters also wanted the immediate annexation of Texas as well as expansion into the Mexican-claimed territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Clay, too, favored expansionRead MoreTh e Annexation Of The United States1515 Words   |  7 Pagesannexation process was proposed by John Tyler. Unfortunately, President Martin Van Buren struck down the annexation of Texas out of fear that this would expand slave territory and ensue war with Mexico. The Treaty of Annexation, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Mexican-American War and Joint Resolution of Congress all impacted the annexation process. In June of 1844, the United States Senate considered a treaty which had been submitted for ratification; this treaty was the Treaty of Annexation. The

Abstract Affirmative Free Essays

Abstract affirmative (AA) action is a policy that the government created for counteracting discrimination against people. This happened for the reason of presenting people the chance of gaining equal opportunities for employment education and business. Many of our formal presidents has authorized executive orders that was meant for all hiring to be free from discrimination of race, color, or national origin with all government contractors and the other specifically for associations that had accepted federal contracts and subcontracts intended to end discrimination within the workforce towards individuals where the focus was on race, color, religion, and national origin. We will write a custom essay sample on Abstract Affirmative or any similar topic only for you Order Now Soon after affirmative action was changed to include no prejudice against ones gender. Affirmative action consequently established preferential treatment towards all minorities and women in the hiring process and the chance to receive a higher education. affirmative action holds private employers accountable as well. during the civil rights movement affirmation action was a tool that proposed opportunities for women and minorities and to provide equality for them. there are noted changes in how colleges recruit and enroll students housing and also how using public transportation where now blacks can sit anywhere since Rosa Parks. Since affirmative action was primarily intended on improving chances for African Americans in employment and education but there is still a low percentage of improvement that is why an executive order was signed and it required all government and private industry jobs to increase the number of women disable individuals and minorities to either receive employment or to have the ability to gain an education or have additional training for work enhancement. There are numerous organization that uses affirmative action and equal employment opportunity policies within their business structure there is still a controversy today surrounding these issues. I researched to see if equal employment opportunity and affirmative action policies mean the same thing. equal employment opportunity definition is that it bans all types of discrimination. this means that no matter the race or gender everyone has the same chance of obtaining and getting promotions and the added incentive of training as the workforce continues to grow. But then affirmative action focus on past discrimination acts which were meant to give women, disabled individuals, and minorities an equal footing in gaining employment and a higher education. it was to create equality between the workers and employers however it has caused extra adversity in the workforce. because many believed that jobs held by whites were being jeopardized. has affirmative action been consistently and effectively used to create a more robust and productive workforce I would say yes; affirmative action has made it possible for many to see and earn their desired goals such as their life dreams. I feel that there are still many obstacles but if one applies themselves there are no limitations. Barak Obama was our nation’s first black president and there are many who hold prominent leadership roles that which also includes women. recently in the news it was announced that the FBI for the first time in history may have a woman heading this department. though affirmative action has come a long way there are those who still discriminate and don’t offer equal chances for others to succeed. Affirmative action has allowed the workforce to become more diverse in races genders and cultures. we must remember that the affirmative action is not about letting minorities to get into college or to get a job but it’s about giving qualified individuals no matter their race a chance that they may not get otherwise. in conclusion has affirmative action been consistently and effectively used to create a more robust and productive workforce i would say yes it has worked extremely well. I hope to see it continue because there are many more who could benefit from this program. How to cite Abstract Affirmative, Papers

How Does the Stock Market Affect the Economy free essay sample

As the Nasdaq fell in 2000, the overall venture capital investing also decreased from the once â€Å"booming† pace that was known through the 1990’s. The declining stock prices affect firms in several ways, as well as impacting their sales to consumers. The rising importance of venture capital for funding growing business will also make it harder quite hard to exactly determine select magnitudes. According to this article, stocks prices do affect firms because they increase shareholder pressure on managers to cut cost and are forced to lay off workers. When stock prices go down tremendously it affects a firms value of the stock and the stock options. It is unclear whether or not this affects payroll costs and inflation. There is minimal data to prove whether it does or not, but we can say on some scale mainly small it has to. The third factor bringing down the stock prices is them seeming weaker or more uncertain profit outlook which causes investors to demand higher risk premiums which boosts the cost of financing business investment. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does the Stock Market Affect the Economy? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An additional factor that affects firm’s behavior is Tobin’s q theory of investment. According to this theory, firms have less incentive to invest in capital if there is a fall in the ratio of q of the cost of buying new capital. Overall in this market stock prices do affect firms from doing more business, employee turnover, and getting investors to continue investing in their business. Next market that may or may not be affected by stock prices is the household sector. One can assume that lower stock prices are correlated with greater uncertainty and lower confidence due to past data and occurrences that cause economists to believe this. According to this article, â€Å"most estimates of stock wealth effects imply that for every $100,000 to decline in stock wealth, annual consumption falls by roughly $3,000 to $5,000 over the long run. † We can then interpret from this excerpt that yes over the long run less consumers are willing to spend when the Nasdaq decreases remarkably more so than normal which inter does affect the economy. This article also correlates wealth as being the only sector of people that are truly affected by stock prices plummeting. Article states that stock prices alter people’s expectations of future economic growth whether it’s their own or not. Playing devil’s advocate would be an economist that states 1 to 5 percent of families that stock prices decline are unlikely to affect spending. Maki and Palumbo have concluded by using data across different groups of households, the two new Federal Reserve studies have provided sufficient evidence that stock prices affect consumer spending through a â€Å"wealth channel. Our overall opinion on this subject is that stock prices do affect the economy, however not by a substantial amount. The fact of the matter is that people still spend money, and the firms still move on and continue their business, and households are merely enthused. I would say just from personal experience working for a fortune 500 company that whenever the company I work for stocks go down by $5. 00 dollars, no one cares. It’s only when it goes from $95. 00 to $34. 0 th at people start to panic and worry about the security of their job. Of course stock prices are not the only deterrent to a poor economy, many factors are involved and in play that negatively affect our economy. I gather from this article is that is what the author way trying to convey. Yes stock prices do have an influence over the economy, but other occurrences and situations affect it as well. It will be interesting to see as I monitor the stock market more closely how different markets adapt or change if anything at all.

Porters Five Forces Model free essay sample

These five forces are helpful in developing a businesses international strategy. Like anything else developed there are limitations to the model techniques. This paperwork will briefly discuss the Five Forces model and how it can be applied to today’s organizations. Imagine yourself as a boxing coach. Your trainee is beating U. S competitors with ease. You decide he is ready for an international fight. You are preparing for a huge fight against an international champion. What are some of the steps you would take to ensure your fighter is ready? You wouldn’t send them into the ring unprepared for the battle. As a coach with an ambition to succeed you would want to ensure you develop a strategy that will prepare your fighter to be in the best position to win. In my opinion, Porter’s Five Forces model is similar to the scenario I provided above. It will assist an organization (fighter) in determining the strength of the organization (fighter) as it strives to uphold a competitive status. 2) Threat of rivalry: Apple also does not have to worry too much about the threat of rivals. This was not the case prior to the introduction of the iPod and iPhone. Before the iPod and iPhone came along, most organizations within the consumer electronics industry put forth relentless efforts of RD in order to introduce a product that was both new to the market and very unique. The problem for most organisations in this industry is that Apple had the most success with this before other firms. Once Apple introduced the iPod and iPhone, it quickly rose to the top and gained the advantage on rivals such as Samsung. Of course, it didnt stop there for Apple, as the company continuously innovated and introduced new products to the market such as the iPad. 3) Threat of substitute products or services: It is evident that a simple smart phone could be viewed as a substitute to the iPhone, a simple mp3 player to the iPod, and a Samsung tablet to the iPad. Apple dominates in such great fashio because the company has achieved economies of scale, enabling it to produce at a lower cost, and Apple simply markets better than its competition. Apples brand equity and brand recognition is so high and well known that it further establishes an advantage over its substitute competitors. It is true that there are substitutes readily available, but Apple has done such a phenomenal job marketing its products that its customer perceives its products to be better quality and better value to that of its competitors. 4) The bargaining power of suppliers: Considering that there are many organisations operating in the consumer electronics industry, organisations tend to be more elastic with respect to suppliers. If a given supplier were to increase its prices, an organization would likely seek out an alternative supplier, since there are so many firms within the industry. It must be noted, however, that suppliers in this industry have some power with respect to what they are supplying. The fact that the suppliers are supplying unique and highly differentiated materials is what gives them such power. Their ability to supply such unique and differentiated materials gives the suppliers some bargaining power. 5) The bargaining power of customers: The threat of buyers, is really no threat to Apple. For starters, Apple has millions of buyers, some of which are large corporations. Secondly, Apples products are both unique and differentiated, illustrating the power of buyers is lower. In this case, Apple does have the ability to increase its prices on some of its products because of the unique product offering and due to the fact that the majority of its products are well differentiated from the competition. It is important, however, for Apple to ensure that the price increase is not too drastic or some customers may begine seeking altenatives. Importance: Five Forces Model Porters five forces model determine a companys competitive environment, which affects profitability. The bargaining power of buyers and suppliers affect a small companys ability to increase prices and manage costs, respectively. For example, if the same product is available from several suppliers, then buyers have bargaining power over each supplier. However, if there is only one supplier for a particular component, then that supplier has bargaining power over its customers. Low-entry barriers attract new competition, while high-entry barriers discourage it.

Burj Khalifa free essay sample

How does Burj Khalifa play as a monument and a center piece for the Downtown Dubai? And what is the role of Downtown Dubai in making United Arab Emirates as the center of economy and tourism around the world? 2. 1 Burj Khalifa as a Part of Downtown Dubai: What is Downtown Dubai? According to Mohamed Alabbar, chairman of Emaar, downtown Dubai present a unique blend of urban lifestyle backed with luxury that forms the key aspect of modern Dubai. Downtown Dubai was constructed at the time when the world was suffering from a financial crisis and Dubai was heavily into debts. As a result of financial crisis the deadline for the completion of the project was missed once but Dubai made a remarkable recovery to complete the project on its second deadline. Burj Khalifa is surely a symbol of success, the way it has managed to handle the tough times and come out strong to stand tall. We will write a custom essay sample on Burj Khalifa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Burj Khalifa is not confined to hotels only but it is a center for commerce, apartments, malls and corporate offices. Downtown Dubai initially known as Downtown Burj Dubai is a man made complex for the purpose of mixed use. It is one of the major developmental programs undertaken in Dubai. It is a widespread complex including some of the major landmarks namely Burj Khalifa, Burj Khalifa Apartments, Dubai fountain and Dubai mall. Downtown Dubai covers a vast area of 2 square kilometers, making it one of the best complexes in the world. The project cost is enormous and the actual cost sore up to $20 billion. Downtown Dubai is surely a place that catches the glimpse of every eye. The Downtown Dubai is on Sheikh Zayed road along Al Wasal locality on the north western part. The construction of Burj Khalifa Apartments is made in a way that it is connected to the business bay in the south, and financial centre road in the north east thus separating from Zabeel 2 and Trade center 2. The location of the Downtown Dubai was of prime importance at the time of construction. It was made in such a way so that reaching the most developed part of Dubai would not be a problem. It is also connected to Dubai metro through Burj Khalifa metro station. The developmental process was mostly divided into 11 portions of which Burj Khalifa Apartments was the most integral part. Building up of Downtown Dubai was a strategic decision on the part of Dubai’s economy. Dubai is well known for its oil reserve and most of their revenue is being generated from the oil plants. But with economies round the world making a radical change Dubai’s government made a conscious effort to diversify the economy and allow free trade of various commodities and aspect of tourism was of utmost priority. There was a time share of oil revenue feel in their GDP and that was the time when construction of the world’s tallest tower Burj Khalifa bore them the fruit. 3. The concrete pressure during pumping to this level was nearly 200 bars. The amount of rebar used for the tower is 31,400 metric tons laid end to end this would extend over a quarter of the way around the world. 3. 4 Structure and Features According to http://burj-khalifa. eu/the-tower, a tourism website, there is a 304 room  Armani Hotel, the first of four by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors. The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010  but after several delays the hotel finally opened the public on 27 April 2010.

System Board essays

System Board essays The system board is the heart and brain of a computer. If you are building your own computer then the most important thing to decide is what kind of system board you want or need. If you already have your computer case and power supply and dont plan on buying a new case or power supply you need to be sure that the new system board will be compatible with these two things. There are two main specifications readily available. The first is Baby AT Form Factor and is found in older computers so you will probably be going will the newer form factor, which is ATX. Be sure that you buy a system board with a processor socket that is compatible with the CPU that you are planning on using. Many boards already come as a package deal with the processor included but also be sure that it will allow for future upgrades. This will prolong the life of the system board. You also need to be sure that the chipset is compatible with the CPU that you plan on using. If not there may be problem with the way your computer handles data or it might not boot up at all. You should buy a system board that has at least 512k of cache memory installed. This memory is used to speed up the transfer of data by storing data that the computer has recently used. Cache memory is faster and more expensive than main memory. When deciding what system board to buy you also need to consider how fast your selected memory will be. You should buy a board with a memory bus that will support the speed of your memory. If it will not then you are wasting your money buying faster memory. The system bus is also a very important part of the system board that will ultimately affect your computer speed if you dont buy a board that supports at least 100 and 133MHZ. But if you want to be sure that you have the latest and the greatest you need to buy a board that supports bus speeds starting at 400MHZ. Finally you need to verify that the BIOS is compatible with all the compon...

Continuing case report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Continuing case report - Research Paper Example The planning function enables management to think strategically and align or re-align its objectives. Hence the emphasis from relying on muscle cars such as Hummer shifted from much fuel efficient, electronic car models such as Chevy Volt. Being proud of its legacy, it was about time that GM reinvented its ways and launched a car that suites its customers and the market. With the big idea of Chevy Volt, the company also invested in smaller innovations that can complement its existing products. Planning ahead for future requires a visionary mind-set something GM was lacking for a long time but recent plans are proving fruitful. The change that GM went through was phenomenal, understanding the needs of the customers and the environment gave them much deserved success. The skills involved in such an Endeavour may range from problem solving skills, forecasting, decision making and inevitable change management skills besides the obvious leadership and managerial skills. The shift from mus cle to green fuels was a turnaround from traditional ways, something that helped the company gain increased market share and loyalty from customers. Question 2 The automotive industry, much like many other industries has undergone immense changes. The traditional reliance on carbon based fuels led to the deterioration of environment, besides being a costly fuel that saw increase in the global market. With harsh economic conditions customers started preferring smaller cars with small engine size with cheap maintenance costs. European Union and other advanced regions capped the CO2 emission standards that were not followed by models manufactured by GM. The awareness related to environment enhanced over time and countries started to introduce laws that would restrict car manufacturers from making traditional cars. Most competitors of GM started research and development on the subject matter decades before GM resulting in smaller more fuel efficient cars that became an instant hit in th e car market. The society that once preferred cars that are meaner with big engines and power started rethinking its preference and started opting for cheaper cars with fuel efficiency and less carob emissions. GM resisted this change and started making fewer units to attract its niche customers that were still in love with the muscle cars. Although the realization that society and political institutions would not approve of similar cars anymore the management reinvented its approach and after much wait and deliberation the first electronically fuelled car was launched. During this transition GM came close to getting bankrupt and was bailed out by the US government. With its existence at stake the management had no option but to discontinue its traditional muscle models and manufacture a car that would satisfy the needs of society and adhere to regulations posed by political institutions while remaining affordable for the customers. Question 3 GM is a pioneer in the automotive indus try; it remained the market leader in the America and had strong shares in other regions for decades. It created a strong brand image fuelled by its inventiveness and uncompromising quality products. It grew rapidly and owning a GM model was seen as prestige among the American citizens and nationalities. Based on its success and huge market share it started manufacturing hoards of cars that would appeal to

PAPER ON HUMANS AND ANDROIDs based on books I SING THE BODY ELECTRIC Essay

PAPER ON HUMANS AND ANDROIDs based on books I SING THE BODY ELECTRIC and movie THE ELECTRIC GRANDMOTHER - Essay Example Terror Management Theory that is built mostly from the notions of Ernest Becker begins with the idea that humans, as opposed to other creatures, face something that is possibly terrifying: the attention of our own death rate in addition to the desire to stay alive. In the words of Terror Management Theory co-creator Sheldon Solomon, the attention that you are intended to wither away to nothingness, and in turn are no more significant than a reptile or a spud, is not particularly impressive to anyone. So how do individuals deal with this awareness? From a Terror Management Theory strategy, individuals deal with death rate by doubting their own death rate, and preventing considering it. They hold back the terror, generally (for example, loss of lifestyle ideas enhance a prevention inspiration, lead individuals to embellish the potential length of their lifestyle and death ideas lower after individuals are advised of death). But, this strategy certainly is not able to a degree. We know we will die, no matter how much we try and avoid considering it. So, individuals developed social signs of significance and value that offer a sense of significance and significance, and eventually, growing old, when individuals stay up to and maintain the factors of these values (hence the human need for self-esteem), as a means of dealing with their own loss of lifestyle. This immortality can either be representational, such as by splitting information or causing worldviews and categories that continue beyond a persons loss of lifestyle, or actual, as in perception in lifestyle after death. In ‘Electric Grandmother’, a mother is replaced by an android in order for them to stay with the father and not be taken away. We find that they find an advertisement for Facsimiles’ Unlimited, a company who proclaims "I Sing the Body Electric," which is a robotic grandmother who will provide care and love to families. This is initially is just to take care

Review of Optimal PMU Placement Methods

Review of Optimal PMU Placement Methods Abstract-The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is very important tool for monitoring and control of the power system. PMUs give real time, synchronized measurements of voltages at the buses and also current phase values which are incident to those buses where these PMUs are located. It is unnecessary and impossible to place PMU at each bus to estimate the states because the PMUs and communication facilities are very costly. It is necessary to determine the minimum number of PMUs for entire observability of the power network. The optimal placement of PMUs (OPP) problem solved by various techniques such as mathematical programming, metaheuristic techniques. A literature review on these technologies to solve OPP problem is proposed in this paper. I. INTRODUCTION At present due to increased power demand, fast growth of generation, transmission, and development in power systems congested the existing networks and therefore stability margin of these networks are decreased. In this situation to make sure proper and stable operation of the power system, an accurate measurement and system states monitoring is required. This was normally done by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, where system states estimation depends on unsynchronized measurement[1]. These measurements have errors such as measurement and telemetry bias. To overcome these limitations in the SCADA, Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control (WAMPAC) system is used[2]. This system consist Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) as fundamental components which give synchronized and real-time voltages and currents phasor measurement[3]. Global Positioning System Satellite (GPS) provides reference timing signals to achieve synchronization of sampling voltage and current w aveform with respect to this reference time. A PMU directly measures the voltage Phase of the bus where these PMUs are placed and also measure the current phases of a few or all the branches connected to that bus. In recent years to improve monitoring use of PMUs are rapidly increases, so it needs to place these PMUs on all of the buses for full observability of the network. It is also impossible to place these units on entire system buses because PMUs and communication services are very costly[4]. Thus determination of the optimal number of PMUs and its location for overall observability of the system is very important. A proper methodology is required to find the optimum number of the PMUs which will fully observe the power network. To solve the Optimal PMUs Placement (OPP) problem a number of methods have been employed[5]. These methods usually classified into conventional methods and advanced heuristic and modern metaheuristic methods[6] : Linear Programming, Nonlinear Programming, Dynamic Programming are the common optimization methodologies are proposed to solve this problem. Problems such as difficulties of obtaining local minima and handling constraints in conventional techniques are overcome by advanced heuristic and modern metaheuristic optimization methodology. These methodologies are Depth First Search, Minimum Spanning Tree, Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, Genetic Algorithms, Differential Evaluation, Immune Algorithms, Partical Swarm Optimization or Ant Colony Optimization [7]. This paper reviews the research work and studies that have been done in the area of optimal placement of phas or measurement units (PMUs). Mainly the conventional and recent advanced heuristic and metaheuristic optimization techniques are presented in this paper to solve the typical optimal placement of PMUs problem. The formulation of this problem is described in Section II.The new methods to solve the OPP problem are discussed in Sections III and IV. Section V concludes this paper. II. OPTIMAL PMU PLACEMENT (OPP) PROBLEM FORMULATION PMU is an intelligent device which measures the phase value of voltage and current of bus which are connected to it. Figure 1 shows PMUs which purely isolated form a Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS).GPS time stamped measurement signals are fed to a Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC) by using PMUs. The PDC collects and sorts the phasor measurements and signal processor converts data of PMUs into useful information which is visible on Human Machine Interface (HMI).The operator can easily access the critical information of the power system state. Some rules can be used for the placement of PMUs which are given in [8] like, assigning one voltage measurement at the bus where PMU is located, one branch current measurement, one voltage and current pseudo measurement. Figure 1.Layout of PMU along with GPS time stamped signals The PMUs can be placed at planned buses to completely observe the total network. These located PMUs are measuring the voltage phase value of that bus and current phase values of the lines which are connected to the same bus. The aim is to completely observe the network with an optimum number of PMUs. The problem for n-bus system is formulated and solved by Integer Programming method [6]as given below: Min Subject to f(x) Where x = binary decision variable vector, . The nonlinear constraint expressions are created considering the placement and types of available measurements. Assume the phasor value of voltage at the bus where PMU located and values of current phasors along the branches which connected to that bus will be easily accessible. The other adjacent bus voltages will also be accessible. Determine the solution vector which is a set of minimum and satisfy above equation. The constraint function can be defined with the help of Binary Connectivity Matrix A which gives the information about bus connectivity of power network. The elements of matrix A is defined as, = 0 otherwise. The constraint equations are considered for the three cases: (1) PMU measurements only, (2) PMU measurements and injections (i.e. zero injections) and (3) PMU measurements, injections, and flows. Different formulations of the PMU placement problem with additional constraints have been presented in the literature, Effects of Zero Injection Buses[9], Effect of conventional measurements[10], single or multiple PMU loss contingency[11], single branch outage[12], contingency of single line outage or single PMU loss[13], effect of PMU channel limit[14]. III. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING METHODS Integer Programming (IP) is a numerical programming method it also known as mathematical programing. It solves an optimization problem which has integer design variables. According to reference [15], whether they are linear, nonlinear or quadratic, an integer programming is divided into Integer Linear Programming (ILP), Integer Nonlinear Programming (INLP) and Integer Quadratic Programming (IQP) respectively. This paper gives the implementation of Integer Linear Programming (ILP) for optimal PMU placement for full power system observability. Modeling of zero injection constraints in ILP frame work has given. A method has been proposed to the systems having zero injection busses in which we use binary connectivity matrix modification and the modified matrix can be used in Integer Linear programming (ILP) for optimal PMU placement. ILP approach has also been given for the systems considering single PMU outage. The results specify that: 1) optimal PMU placement for full power system observability can be computed effectively; 2) connectivity matrix modification based approach for systems having zero injection buses is computationally efficient and easy to execute; 3) number of PMUs has to increase for systems considering single PMU outage. The proposed algorithms have been tested for IEEE 9 bus, IEEE 14 bus, IEEE 24 bus test systems on MATLAB environment [16]. This paper presents a unified binary semidefinite programming (BSDP) model with binary decision variables, for optimal placement of phasor measurement units, considering the impact of pre-existing conventional and synchronized phasor measurements as well as the limited channel capacity of phasor measurement units. A linear objective function is minimized subject to linear matrix inequality observability constraints. The developed method is solved with an outer approximation scheme based on binary integer linear programming. The proposed method is illustrated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Simulations are conducted on the IEEE 57-bus and 118-bus test systems to prove the validity of the proposed method [17]. For the observability of system, an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method is used. It also reduces the number of PMUs and maximizes the measurement redundancy in the power system buses. This paper utilizes two approaches, Newton Raphson method and Weight Least Squares (WLS) state estimation method for estimating voltage magnitude and phase angles at each bus. The true value obtained from NR method is compared with the estimated values obtained from WLS with and without the inclusion of PMU measurements. The employed techniques are tested on IEEE- 14 and 30 bus system for determining the optimal points of placement of PMUs to measure the accurate voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus [18]. We define the desired solution as the PMU placement that also achieves best overall state estimation performance. Accordingly, we derive the state estimator of all buses in a three-phase network and propose a) greedy algorithm and b) integer programming optimization method to determine the optimal solution. The comparative performance of these two methods is presented via evaluation of transmission and distribution test networks [19]. This paper aims to optimize the PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) placement for a full observation of the power network and the minimum number of PMUs. In this paper competition of Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming and heuristically algorithms such as Bacterial Foraging Algorithm was presented. The results are demonstrated with PMU placement optimization simulation and a redundancy measurement analysis by using IEEE14-bus and Tehran Regional electric company 41-bus networks [20]. This paper presents a method for the use of synchronized measurements for complete observability of a power system. The placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs), utilizing time-synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors, is studied in this paper. An integer quadratic programming approach is used to minimize the total number of PMUs required, and to maximize the measurement redundancy at the power system buses. Existing conventional measurements can also be accommodated in the proposed PMU placement method. Complete observability of the system is ensured under normal operating conditions as well as under the outage of a single transmission line or a single PMU. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 57-bus, and 118-bus test systems as well as on a 298-bus test system are presented in this paper [21]. B. Exhaustive Search Exhaustive search is a general optimization technique that systematically enumerates all possible candidates for the solution and selects the candidate that satisà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ es the constraints at the optimum value of the objective function. Its main advantage is that it guarantees the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nding of the global optimum. However, it is not suitable for large-scale systems with huge search space. Observability of bulk power transmission network by means of a minimum number of phasor measurement units (PMUs), with the aid of the network topology, is a great challenge. This paper presents a novel equivalent integer linear programming method (EILPM) for the exhaustive search-based PMU placement. The state estimation implemented based on such a placement is completely linear, thereby eliminating drawbacks of the conventional SCADA-based state estimation. Additional constraints for observability preservation following single PMU or line outages can easily be implemented in the proposed EILPM. Furthermore, the limitation of communication channels is dealt with by translation of nonlinear terms into linear ones. Optimal PMU placement is carried out on the IEEE 118-bus test system in different scenarios. The comparison between obtained results of EILPM and those of other methods reveals optimality of the solutions. Moreover, the proposed method is successfully applied on the Iranian National Grid, which demonstrates it can effectively be employed for practical power networks [22]. This paper gives Exhaustive Search (ES) algorithms for optimal PMU placement for full power system observability. The results specify that: 1) optimal PMU placement for full power system observability can be computed effectively; 2) connectivity matrix modification based approach for systems having zero injection buses is computationally efficient and easy to execute; 3) number of PMUs has to increase for systems considering single PMU outage. The proposed algorithms have been tested for IEEE 9 bus, IEEE 14 bus, IEEE 24 bus test systems onMATLAB environment [16]. This paper presents a unified binary semidefinite programming (BSDP) model with binary decision variables, for optimal placement of phasor measurement units, considering the impact of pre-existing conventional and synchronized phasor measurements as well as the limited channel capacity of phasor measurement units. A linear objective function is minimized subject to linear matrix inequality observability constraints. The developed method is solved with an outer approximation scheme based on binary integer linear programming. The proposed method is illustrated using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Simulations are conducted on the IEEE 57-bus and 118-bus test systems to prove the validity of the proposed method [17]. IV. HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS A. Genetic Algorithm (GA) Genetic algorithm (GA) is adaptive heuristic search algorithm that repeats the process of natural evolution. This process is used to generate solutions to optimization and also search problem, The utilization of Genetic Algorithms (GA) in tackling engineering problems has been a major issue arousing the curiosity of researchers and practitioners in the area of systems and engineering research, operations research and management sciences in the past decades are described in [23]. This paper models genetic algorithm into the Map Reduce model, so the MapReduce genetic algorithm (MRGA) possesses some parallel computing performance, such as scalability, better fitness convergence and so on. MRGA is implemented on computing clusters of Hadoop to search the optimal configuration of PMU. Meanwhile, this feasibility and the computing performance of MRGA is verified by the IEEE14-node system, IEEE118-node system, and Wp2383-node system. This method has significant advantages in the installed PMU number, the diversity of solution, the astringency and the practicability [24]. B. Tabu Search (TS) This paper introduces a recursive Tabu search (RTS) method to solve the OPP problem. More specifically, the traditional Tabu search (TS) metaheuristic algorithm is executed multiple times, while in the initialisation of each TS the best solution found from all previous executions is used. The proposed RTS is found to be the best among three alternative TS initialisation schemes, in regard to the impact on the success rate of the algorithm. A numerical method is proposed for checking network observability, unlike most existing metaheuristic OPP methods, which are based on topological observability methods. The proposed RTS method is tested on the IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118-bus test systems, on the New England 39-bus test system and on the 2383-bus power system. The obtained results are compared with other reported PMU placement methods. The simulation results show that the proposed RTS method finds the minimum number of PMUs, unlike earlier methods which may find either the same or even higher number of PMUs [25]. The contribution of this paper is as follows: at first, analyze the measurement placement design of the electric power system using the software PSAT. Second, the heuristic approach, Tabu search (TS), based on topological analysis is proposed to solve the problem. The heuristic algorithm uses augmented incidence matrix to focus on the power system state estimator model then an Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem is formulated for the configuration with the minimum number of measurements that satisfies the observability constraints. Tests on the IEEE 14-Bus system and the TN are used to demonstrate the validity, flexibility, and efficiency of the proposed approach [26]. C. Simulated Annealing (SA) This paper proposes a two-step optimization approach for optimal placement of phasor measurement unit (PMU) to obtain complete observability of power system in the case of preinstalled PMUs. The complete observability of the system in the case of normal operation and pre-installed PMUs is formulated and then, different contingency conditions in the system are considered, i.e. single line outage and single bus outage. At the first step of the proposed two-step optimization approach, a minimization model is applied to convex programing (cvx) to achieve the minimum number of PMUs which guarantees the complete observability of the system. At the second step, simulated annealing (SA) is applied to maximize the measurement redundancy. Additionally, to further reduce the number of required PMUs the zero-injection bus effect is considered. At last, the proposed approach is tested on several IEEE standard systems, i.e. IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, 39-bus, IEEE 16-machine 68-bus and 118-bus, to demons trate the effectiveness of the proposed approach [13]. This paper presents a novel Multi-Stage Simulated Annealing algorithm for the joint placement of PMUs along with the existing conventional measurement units in the power grid network. The proposed multi-stage optimization method enables Simulated Annealing to reach the optimal point faster than conventional Simulated Annealing methods. The controlled uphill movements during various stages facilitate to obtain best possible solution [27]. D. Differential Evolution (DE) In this paper, differential evolution (DE) algorithm has been proposed to solve an optimal joint placement problem of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and conventional measurements which enable to determine the state variables of the power system. The problem is to minimize the number of PMUs required for network observability and to maximize the PMU measurements redundancy. This is achieved by selecting a solution with maximum System Observability Redundancy Index (SORI) if multiple optimal solutions exist. The resulting nonlinear integer programming (NLIP) problem is solved by the proposed DE method for the optimal solution by considering different power system problems viz. a 7-bus test and IEEE 14-bus systems with and without the consideration of zero injection buses. Results thus obtained have also been validated with existing solution techniques [28]. E. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) An exponential binary particle swarm optimization (EBPSO) algorithm is proposed to solve the OPP problem for a completely observable network. Various practical contingencies such as zero injection, single PMU outage are considered in the proposed algorithm along with the normal operating condition. Multiple solutions for OPP problem can improve the feasibility of the placement methodology in a practical environment. Even though any bus is selected as candidate location but it may not be possible to install a PMU on that bus due to the lack of necessary infrastructure. On the contrary, few buses in practical systems which require close and precise monitoring should be directly observed by PMU. Placing some extra PMUs can solve this problem but economically it is not preferable. Hence, having alternative solutions can be very effective. To ensure multiple solutions and improve the performances, an adaptive exponentially decaying inertia weight coefficient is developed. A sigmoid functi on is introduced to update the position of the particles in binary form. Both inter connected (IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus) and radial (IEEE 39-bus) system are tested to check the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm [29]. This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization based method to find the optimal PMU locations in a given grid topology. This method was tested successfully with the IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, and 68-bus systems as well as with a large portion of the Brazilian power system [30]. This paper presents an Improved PSO Algorithm (IPSO) to solve the problem of optimal Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) placement. The aim of Optimal PMU Placement problem is to guarantee both full observabilities of the power grid and minimal number of PMU. In the Improved PSO Algorithm, the point of genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing process is involved into basic particle swarm optimization. To deal with the constraints, an improved Algorithm is developed and it can avoid costing much time and trapping local optimal solution. IEEE systems are tested to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm [31]. F. Immune Algorithm (IA) G. Iterated Local Search (ILS) The objective of the paper is to minimise the size of the PMU configuration while allowing full observability of the network. The method proposed initially suggests a PMU distribution which makes the network observable. The Iterated Local Search (ILS) metaheuristic is then used to minimise the size of the PMU configuration needed to observe the network. The algorithm is tested on IEEE test networks with 14, 57 and 118 nodes and compared to the results obtained in previous publications [32]. H. Spanning Tree Search The objective is to use the spanning tree approach and tree search technique for optimal placement of multichannel and minimum channel synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) in order to have full observability of Power System. The novel concept of depth of observability is used and its impact on the number of PMU placements is explained. The spanning tree approach is used for the power system graphs and a tree search technique is used for finding the optimal location of PMUs. This is tested on IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus system. The same technique is modified to optimally place minimum channel PMUs on the same IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus systems. Matlab tool has been used for fulfilling the objective [33]. I. Greedy Algorithm Paper [34] propose a greedy PMU placement algorithm and show that it achieves an approximation ratio of (1-1/e) for any PMU placement budget. We further show that the performance is the best that one can achieve, in the sense that it is NP-hard to achieve any approximation ratio beyond (1-1/e). Such performance guarantee makes the greedy algorithm very attractive in the practical scenario of multi-stage installations for utilities with limited budgets. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the near-optimal performance of the proposed PMU placement algorithm. This paper studies the placement problem of PMUs in distribution system considering the system reconfiguration. System reconfiguration is achieved using the ant colony optimization method to solve the minimum power losses problem. A Greedy algorithm is used as an optimization tool to determine the minimal number of PMUs and their locations. The 33-bus distribution system is studied for optimal installation of PMUs with different distribution network topologies [35]. J. Recursive Security Algorithm The recursive security algorithm is a spanning tree search of multiple solutions, with a different starting point. Recursive spanning tree algorithm of PSAT is applied to find out the minimal placement locations for observability of all buses. The Thevenins equivalent parameters have been obtained from the measured and estimated voltages at the load buses and impedance matrix Zbus. The parameters obtained are used to find the voltage stability boundary. Results on the IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-30 bus system are presented to illustrate the proposed approach [36]. K. Teaching-Learning-Based optimization Algorithm In this paper, Teaching-Learning-Based optimization Algorithm (TLBO) is presented for solving the problem of placement of PMU optimally in a power system network for complete observability. The TLBO algorithm enables optimal PMU placement by zero injection measurements and also by not including zero injection measurements. The algorithm has been tested on standard test systems such as IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 57-bus and the results are contrasted with other optimization algorithms like Genetic Algorithm and Binary PSO [37]. L. Improved binary particle swarm This paper presents the improved binary particle swarm (IBPSO) method that converges faster and also manage to maximize the measurement redundancy compared to the existing BPSO method. This method is applied to IEEE-30 bus system for the case of considering zero-injection bus and its effectiveness is verified by the simulation results done by using MATLAB software [38]. M. Best first search (BFS) algorithm This paper utilizes best first search (BFS) algorithm to determine the optimal placement of PMUs for complete observability of a power system under normal operating conditions. The additional redundancy offered by this method has been removed by applying a pruning technique to further minimize the number of PMUs determined by BFS algorithm. The proposed method has been used to determine the optimal PMU placement solutions for the standard IEEE 14-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system and a practical 246-bus Indian system. The results obtained with the proposed method have been compared with the existing methods such as integer linear programming. It has been found that the proposed method is able to achieve the complete system observability with the minimum number of PMUs required [39]. N. Mixed heuristic/matheuristic method This paper presents a new method for the optimal allocation of PMUs in substations with a focus on the two-level state estimation process that was recently proposed in the specialized literature. A mixed heuristic/matheuristic method is proposed to determine the number and location of those units in such a way to provide robust observability characteristics. Its reliable, robust, and precise results are shown for small and large substation layouts [40]. O. Measurement sensitivity analysis This article presents a novel algorithm to find optimal sets of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in power systems using measurement sensitivity analysis aiming for fault detection without multi-estimation. The algorithm generalizes the impedance method in fault detection through optimizing PMU utilization in order to detect a fault with desired precision in interconnected power systems. By deriving bus voltage and currents sensitivity indices to the fault location and impedance, possible deviations of the estimated fault location and/or impedance due to measurement noise, accuracy, precision limits, or simply the inability of a measurement point to sense a fault is evaluated. Therefore, the algorithm can solve Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) for desired fault detection precision based on these indices for various points of measurement observing faults in the system. Finally, avoiding multi-estimation guarantees the unique mapping between measurements of the selected PMU sets and faults th roughout the system. The proposed algorithm is performed on the IEEE 7-bus and 14-bus benchmark systems and the fault location capability is evaluated through neural networks [41]. P. Modified binary cuckoo optimization algorithm In this study, a new evolutionary algorithm named as modified binary cuckoo optimization algorithm (MBCOA) is presented to solve optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem. The proposed method is classified as topological approaches. The basis of the method is in the lifestyle of the brood parasite bird named cuckoo that immigrates to the best habitat to obtain sufficient food and suitable nests for egg laying. The proposed binary structure is not introduced and applied to OPP problem up to now. OPP is tested on different networks consist of IEEE 14, 30, 57 and 118 bus test systems during normal operation and single event contingencies, i.e. single PMU failure and single line outage. The proposed MBCOA is also applied to 2383 and 2746 bus test systems to show its ability to handle large scale power networks. It is shown that MBCOA can obtain the best result from the search region with a minimum number of iterations [42]. References: [1]M. A. Rahman, A. H. M. Jakaria, and E. Al-shaer, Formal Analysis for Dependable Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition in Smart Grids, in 2016 46th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN), 2016, pp. 263-274. [2]Jiaping Liao and Cheng He, Wide-area monitoring protection and control of future power system networks, in 2014 IEEE Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications (WARTIA), 2014, pp. 903-905. [3]M. 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